Alewife Mac OS

• Alewife Mac Os Catalina

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Document Type

Comment

Abstract

• From the Apple menu  in the corner of your screen, choose About This Mac. You should see the macOS name, such as macOS Big Sur, followed by its version number. If you need to know the build number as well, click the version number to see it. Which macOS version is the latest?
• Out of 600 alewife analyzed for age in 2019, most were 1 or 2 years old and very few were older than 4, he said. 'The most logical explanation is the prey fish are getting gobbled up at a rapid.

The United States and Canada have historically struggled to delineate a maritime geographic boundary for the Gulf of Maine in the Atlantic Ocean. Running inland, from the Gulf of Maine, these countries not only share a boundary, but also dams on the St. Croix River system. For the past two decades, the St. Croix River system of Maine and New Brunswick has been the site of an increasing impasse between the United States and Canada concerning the management of fisheries resources. In 1995, this dispute culminated with the Maine legislature authorizing the modification of the Grand Falls Dam and the Woodland Dam on the St. Croix River to prevent the passage of alewives. Proponents of the bill argued that alewives were 'eating machines' that killed and devoured 'everything in a body of water.' Since this time, constituents within the Maine legislature, the U.S. federal government, and the Canadian government have attempted to intervene and reverse the devastating effect that the legislation has had on the rapidly declining alewife population. The alewife, known in Canada as Gaspereau, is either a landlocked or an anadromous fish. Both types of alewives are indigenous to Maine and New Brunswick waters and this comment focuses on the native, anadromous alewives that formerly ran the waters of the St. Croix River. These fish are important to the Gulf of Maine ecosystem because they provide a source of food for large and smallmouth bass, brown trout, salmonids in freshwater; groundfish in the ocean and in estuaries; and for osprey and bald eagles. Additionally, both Maine and Canadian lobstermen depend on the alewife as bait during the spring lobster season. By preventing the passage of alewives into the St. Croix River, the Maine legislature has succeeded in preventing this species of fish from spawning. The practical effect of this has been to almost completely extinguish sea-run alewives from existence in the St. Croix River system. This Comment argues that the unilateral decision by the Maine legislature to prohibit alewives from swimming upstream into Canada, and thereby preventing the fish from spawning violates not only U.S. federal law, but also international law. This Comment maintains that, from a policy perspective, state legislatures should not be the arbiters of international fisheries management decisions because foreign relations are not matters for state interference. Scientific data and studies have revealed that the presence of anadromous alewives within the St. Croix River system would have no adverse effect on either the flora or the fauna, including other species of fish, such as the smallmouth bass and salmon. Without intervention, the Maine legislature may succeed in single-handedly causing the extinction of a native species of fish, from a designated body of water. Sadly, this Comment concludes that the Maine legislature is allowed to occupy the field in this instance, and make critical decisions regarding fisheries management, because neither the U.S. Congress nor the Canadian government has precluded it from doing so. Structurally, this Comment begins with a short introduction of the alewife and its history as a native fish in the St. Croix River system. Next, a discussion of the bill, An Act to Stop the Alewives Restoration Program in the St. Croix River, and its history will follow. Then, a discussion of possible legal theories and dispute resolution devices will be shown as either inapplicable or ineffective to stop the Maine legislature's Bill. Finally, a short policy argument will advocate for either one or both of the U.S. or Canadian governments to enact new legislation that will prohibit a single state or province from unilaterally having the ability to enact fishery management legislation that would affect surrounding states, provinces, or countries.

Recommended Citation

Kelly Hoffman, The Maine Legislature's Bill: An Act To Stop The Alewives Restoration Program In The St. Croix River - Have The Canadians And The Biologists Gone Beserk?, 13 Ocean & Coastal L.J. (2008).
Available at: https://digitalcommons.mainelaw.maine.edu/oclj/vol13/iss2/5

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Alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) - Native

An 11-inch sea run alewife from Brides Brook, East Lyme.

Identification. Very similar to blueback herring. Cheek patch wider than deep. Tongue is not visible in profile when mouth is held open. Eye width usually greater than snout length. Lower jaw rises steeply within mouth. Usually a single dark spot on shoulder. Back usually looks grayish-green on live fish, fading to silver on sides and white on belly. Peritoneum (lining of gut cavity) silvery to dusky.

A 2.5-inch juvenile Connecticut River alewife.

Size. Anadromous alewives commonly 9 to 11 inches, landlocked 3 to 6 inches. Conn. max. observed size 12.6 inches (anadromous). State survey max. size 11 inches (landlocked). Max. reported size 16 inches.

Distribution. Anadromous populations occur along the entire Atlantic Coast from Nova Scotia to North Carolina. Landlocked populations have been established in several Atlantic coastal states and in the Great Lakes. In Connecticut, anadromous alewives make early spring spawning runs up many rivers and coastal streams that flow into Long Island Sound. Young alewives feed in the rivers of their birth and migrate to the ocean anywhere from late spring to fall. Some coastal lakes have naturally landlocked alewife populations, but most inland populations were introduced (primarily during the 1960s and 1970s). Both anadromous and landlocked alewives are typically common to abundant where they occur.

All maps created in 2009. See CT DEEP Fish Community Data for updated distributions.

Habits. Alewives are a schooling fish. Anadromous alewives spend most of their adult lives in the ocean and return to the freshwater streams of their origin in the early spring to spawn. They typically spawn in ponds or backwaters of larger streams. Landlocked alewives form large schools that often come into the shallows at night. Adult landlocked alewives and young of anadromous herring species can often be seen flipping (or 'popping') on the surface in the evening. Although they feed primarily on zooplankton, both anadromous and landlocked alewives can be enticed to hit a small jig or fly. Popular methods of catching anadromous herring have been by snagging in mainstem sections of rivers or by dip netting in spawning streams.

A 5-inch landlocked alewife. Alewives are the only herring that currently have landlocked populations in Connecticut.

Comments. The only herring in Connecticut that has landlocked populations. Landlocked alewives are important prey fish for large pelagic predators, such as brown trout. However, because they have a propensity for overgrazing zooplankton, they can cause adverse environmental impacts to water quality, as well as to growth and survival of the young of other fish species. Introduction of alewives (circa 1990) of an unknown source led to the demise of a popular kokanee fishery in East Twin Lake (Salisbury). Anadromous alewives are important forage fish for large gamefish, such as striped bass and bluefish, as well as many other animals, including osprey and marine mammals. Anadromous alewife runs in Connecticut began to increase in response to construction of fishways at dams in the 1980s, but populations declined precipitously during the 1990s for reasons that are not fully understood. One theory is increased predation following the dramatic stock recovery of striped bass. The best way to observe alewife spawning runs is to visit local fishways during warm nights in April.

Alewife Mac Os Catalina

Text and images adapted from Jacobs, R. P., O'Donnell, E. B., and Connecticut DEEP. (2009). A Pictorial Guide to Freshwater Fishes of Connecticut. Hartford, CT. Available for purchase at the DEEP Store.